Nómos, phýsis y sus relaciones: una lectura en clave jurídica de Antifonte (fr. 44 de Sobre la verdad)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34096/ahamm.v59.2.15569Keywords:
nomos, physis, law, AntiphonAbstract
In the well-known nomos/physis debate, Antiphonʼs fragment 44 stands out as one of the most significant sources. The relationship that the sophist establishes between these two dimensions has been interpreted in the literature in, at least, three different ways: some argue for a complete opposition between conventional law and natural order; others suggest a conflict or tension that falls short of outright opposition; and finally, there are those who perceive the potential for complementarity between the two realms, in the sense that the nomos regulates (not only with prohibitions, but also with positive commands) aspects of physis. This paper aims to explore the different interpretations of the nomos/physis relationship and, in agreeing with the third stance, to advance towards the formulation of some additional ideas about the role that conventional law plays in determining favorable courses of action. In the end, this paper seeks to challenge the thesis that Antiphon denies law, while at the same time attempting to propose, from a legal point of view, some (possible) characteristics regarding how the properties of a truly advantageous nomos could be.
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References
Ediciones, comentarios y traducciones
Burnet, J. (Ed.) (1903). Gorgias. Platonis Opera. (Vol. 3). Oxford Clarendon Press.
Decleva Caizzi, F. y Bastianini, G. (1989). Antipho 1-2: De Veritate. En Corpus dei papiri filosofici greci e latini. (Parte 1, Vol. 1, pp. 176-222). Olschki.
Diels, H. y Kranz, W. (Eds.) (1960). Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. (Vols. 1-3). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
Funghi, M. S. (Ed.) (1984). P.Oxy. 3647. En Cockle, H. M. (Ed.), The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 52, pp. 1-5). Egypt Exploration Society.
Gagarin, M. (1997). Antiphon, The Speeches. Cambridge University Press.
Grenfell, B. P y Hunt, A. S. (Eds.) (1915). P.Oxy 1364. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 11, pp. 92-104). Egypt Exploration Society.
Grenfell, B. P y Hunt, A. S. (Eds.) (1922). P.Oxy 1797. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 15, pp. 119-122). Egypt Exploration Society.
Jaerisch, P. (Ed.) (1987). Xenophon, Erinnerungen an Sokrates. Artemis Verlag.
Pendrick, G. (Ed. y Trad.) (2002). Antiphon. The Sophist: The Fragments. Cambridge University Press.
Ross, W. D. (Ed.) (1936). Aristotelis. Physica. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Untersteiner M. (Ed. y Trad.) (1954). Sofisti, testimonianze e frammenti. (Vol. 3). Nuova Italia.
Untersteiner, M. (Ed. y Trad.) (1962). Sofisti, testimonianze e frammenti. (Vol. 4). Nuova Italia.
Secundarias
Azevedo, C. A. de (2021). A Insuficiência das Leis uma Reflexão sobre o Pensamento de Antifonte. Revista portuguesa de filosofia, 77(1), 235-250.
Barnes, J. (1982). Los Presocráticos. Cátedra.
Barney, R. (2006). The Sophistic Movement. En Gill, M. L. y Pellegrin, P. (Eds.), Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy (pp. 82-87). Blackwell.
Bieda, E. (2008). Antifonte sofista: un utilitarismo naturalista. Méthexis, 21, 23-42.
Bignone, E. (1938). Studi sul pensiero antico. Loffredo.
Bonazzi, M. (2010). I sofisti. Carocci.
Brisson, L. (2002). Los sofistas. En M. Canto-Sperber (Dir.), Filosofía griega, 1. De Tales a Aristóteles (pp. 107-137). Docencia.
Burton, E. (2020). Antiphon the Sophistʼs Critique of Law [Tesis de maestría]. University of Oxford.
Cassin, B. (1995). Lʼeffet sophistique. Gallimard.
Croiset, A. (1917). Les nouveaux fragments d’Antiphon. Revue Des Études Grecques, 30(136), 1-19.
Daix, D.-A. (2000). Les sentences (γνῶμαι) dans la littérature grecque archaïque et classique (d’Homère à Thucydide) [Tesis de doctorado]. Etudes classiques. École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS).
Decleva Caizzi, F. (1986). Il nuovo papiro di Antifonte POxy LII, 3647. En Adorno, F. et al. (Eds.), Protagora, Antifonte, Posidonio, Aristotele. Saggi su frammenti inediti e nuova testimonianza da papiri (pp. 61-69). Olschki.
Decleva Caizzi, F. (1999) Protagoras and Antiphon: Sophistic Debates on Justice. En A. Long (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy (pp. 311-331). Cambridge University Press.
Furley, D. J. (1981). Antiphon’s Case against Justice. En Kerferd, G. B. (Ed.), The Sophists and their Legacy (pp. 81-91). Franz Steiner.
Gagarin, M. (1990). The Ancient Tradition on the Identity of Antiphon. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 31, 27-44.
Gagarin, M. (2001). The Truth of Antiphonʼs Truth. En Preus, A. (Ed.), Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy (Vol. 6, pp. 171-185). State University of New York Press.
Gagarin, M. (2002). Antiphon the Athenian: Oratory, Law, and Justice in the Age of the Sophists. University of Texas Press.
Gagarin, M. (2007). Nomos and physis in Antiphon. En Pieris, A. L. (Ed.), Φύσις and Νόμος: Power, Justice, and the Agonistical Ideal of Life in High Classicism (pp. 355-380). Institute for Philosophical Research
Guthrie, W. G. K. (1971). The Sophists. Cambridge University Press.
Havelock, E. A. (1957). The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics. Yale University Press.
Heinimann, F. (1945). Nomos und Physis. Herkunft und Bedeutung einer Antithese im griechischen Denken des 5. Jahrhunderts. F. Reinhardt.
Jeammaud, A. (1984). En torno al problema de la efectividad del derecho. Crítica jurídica. Revista Latinoamericana de Política, Filosofía y Derecho, 1, 5-16.
Kahn, C. (1981). The Origins of Social Contract Theory. Kerferd, G. (Ed.), The Sophists and their Legacy (92-108). Franz Steiner.
Kerferd, G. B. (1956-1957). The Moral and Political Doctrines of Antiphon the Sophist. A Reconsideration. The Cambridge Classical Journal, 4, 26-32.
Kerferd, G. B. (1981). The Sophistic Movement. Cambridge University Press.
Levystone, D. (2014). Antiphon: indifférence de la nature, misère des lois humaines. Phoenix, 68, 258-290.
Luria, S. (1926). Eine politische Schrift des Redners Antiphon aus Rhamnus. Hermes, 61, 343-348.
Morrison, J. S. (1961). Antiphon. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 7, 49-58.
Moulton, C. (1972). “Antiphon the Sophist, on Truth”, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 103, pp. 329-366.
Nill, M. (1985). Morality and Self-interest in Protagoras, Antiphon, and Democritus. Brill.
Ostwald, M. (1965). Pindar, Nomos, and Heracles. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 69, 109-138.
Ostwald, M. (1986). From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law: Law, Society and Politics in Fifth-Century Athens. University of California Press.
Ostwald, M. (2009 [1990]). Nomos and Phusis in Antiphonʼs Περὶ Ἀληθείας. En Language and History in Ancient Greek Culture (pp. 158-172). Pennsylvania State University Press.
Pendrick, G. (1987). Once Again Antiphon the Sophist and Antiphon of Rhamnus. Hermes, 115, 47-60.
Places, É. des (1947). Nature et loi. LʼAntiquité Classique, 16(2), 329-336.
Prieto Sanchís, L. (2005). Apuntes de teoría del derecho. Trotta.
Reinhold, M. (1946). Essentials of Greek and Roman Classics: A Guide to the Humanities. Barronʼs Educational Series.
Riesbeck, D. J. (2011). Nature, Normativity and Nomos in Antiphon, fr. 44. Phoenix, 65, 268-287.
Romilly, J. de (1992). The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Romilly, J. de (2004 [1971]). La ley en la Grecia clásica. Biblos.
Saunders, T. J. (1977-1978). Antiphon the Sophist on Natural Laws (B44 DK). Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 78, 215-236.
Veneciano, G. (2008). Antifonte 44 D.-K.: Una investigación sobre el comportamiento humano. Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, 89(2), 87-115.
Instrumenta studiorum
Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. y Jones, H. S. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Burnet, J. (Ed.) (1903). Gorgias. Platonis Opera. (Vol. 3). Oxford Clarendon Press.
Decleva Caizzi, F. y Bastianini, G. (1989). Antipho 1-2: De Veritate. En Corpus dei papiri filosofici greci e latini. (Parte 1, Vol. 1, pp. 176-222). Olschki.
Diels, H. y Kranz, W. (Eds.) (1960). Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. (Vols. 1-3). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
Funghi, M. S. (Ed.) (1984). P.Oxy. 3647. En Cockle, H. M. (Ed.), The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 52, pp. 1-5). Egypt Exploration Society.
Gagarin, M. (1997). Antiphon, The Speeches. Cambridge University Press.
Grenfell, B. P y Hunt, A. S. (Eds.) (1915). P.Oxy 1364. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 11, pp. 92-104). Egypt Exploration Society.
Grenfell, B. P y Hunt, A. S. (Eds.) (1922). P.Oxy 1797. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (Vol. 15, pp. 119-122). Egypt Exploration Society.
Jaerisch, P. (Ed.) (1987). Xenophon, Erinnerungen an Sokrates. Artemis Verlag.
Pendrick, G. (Ed. y Trad.) (2002). Antiphon. The Sophist: The Fragments. Cambridge University Press.
Ross, W. D. (Ed.) (1936). Aristotelis. Physica. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Untersteiner M. (Ed. y Trad.) (1954). Sofisti, testimonianze e frammenti. (Vol. 3). Nuova Italia.
Untersteiner, M. (Ed. y Trad.) (1962). Sofisti, testimonianze e frammenti. (Vol. 4). Nuova Italia.
Secundarias
Azevedo, C. A. de (2021). A Insuficiência das Leis uma Reflexão sobre o Pensamento de Antifonte. Revista portuguesa de filosofia, 77(1), 235-250.
Barnes, J. (1982). Los Presocráticos. Cátedra.
Barney, R. (2006). The Sophistic Movement. En Gill, M. L. y Pellegrin, P. (Eds.), Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy (pp. 82-87). Blackwell.
Bieda, E. (2008). Antifonte sofista: un utilitarismo naturalista. Méthexis, 21, 23-42.
Bignone, E. (1938). Studi sul pensiero antico. Loffredo.
Bonazzi, M. (2010). I sofisti. Carocci.
Brisson, L. (2002). Los sofistas. En M. Canto-Sperber (Dir.), Filosofía griega, 1. De Tales a Aristóteles (pp. 107-137). Docencia.
Burton, E. (2020). Antiphon the Sophistʼs Critique of Law [Tesis de maestría]. University of Oxford.
Cassin, B. (1995). Lʼeffet sophistique. Gallimard.
Croiset, A. (1917). Les nouveaux fragments d’Antiphon. Revue Des Études Grecques, 30(136), 1-19.
Daix, D.-A. (2000). Les sentences (γνῶμαι) dans la littérature grecque archaïque et classique (d’Homère à Thucydide) [Tesis de doctorado]. Etudes classiques. École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS).
Decleva Caizzi, F. (1986). Il nuovo papiro di Antifonte POxy LII, 3647. En Adorno, F. et al. (Eds.), Protagora, Antifonte, Posidonio, Aristotele. Saggi su frammenti inediti e nuova testimonianza da papiri (pp. 61-69). Olschki.
Decleva Caizzi, F. (1999) Protagoras and Antiphon: Sophistic Debates on Justice. En A. Long (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy (pp. 311-331). Cambridge University Press.
Furley, D. J. (1981). Antiphon’s Case against Justice. En Kerferd, G. B. (Ed.), The Sophists and their Legacy (pp. 81-91). Franz Steiner.
Gagarin, M. (1990). The Ancient Tradition on the Identity of Antiphon. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 31, 27-44.
Gagarin, M. (2001). The Truth of Antiphonʼs Truth. En Preus, A. (Ed.), Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy (Vol. 6, pp. 171-185). State University of New York Press.
Gagarin, M. (2002). Antiphon the Athenian: Oratory, Law, and Justice in the Age of the Sophists. University of Texas Press.
Gagarin, M. (2007). Nomos and physis in Antiphon. En Pieris, A. L. (Ed.), Φύσις and Νόμος: Power, Justice, and the Agonistical Ideal of Life in High Classicism (pp. 355-380). Institute for Philosophical Research
Guthrie, W. G. K. (1971). The Sophists. Cambridge University Press.
Havelock, E. A. (1957). The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics. Yale University Press.
Heinimann, F. (1945). Nomos und Physis. Herkunft und Bedeutung einer Antithese im griechischen Denken des 5. Jahrhunderts. F. Reinhardt.
Jeammaud, A. (1984). En torno al problema de la efectividad del derecho. Crítica jurídica. Revista Latinoamericana de Política, Filosofía y Derecho, 1, 5-16.
Kahn, C. (1981). The Origins of Social Contract Theory. Kerferd, G. (Ed.), The Sophists and their Legacy (92-108). Franz Steiner.
Kerferd, G. B. (1956-1957). The Moral and Political Doctrines of Antiphon the Sophist. A Reconsideration. The Cambridge Classical Journal, 4, 26-32.
Kerferd, G. B. (1981). The Sophistic Movement. Cambridge University Press.
Levystone, D. (2014). Antiphon: indifférence de la nature, misère des lois humaines. Phoenix, 68, 258-290.
Luria, S. (1926). Eine politische Schrift des Redners Antiphon aus Rhamnus. Hermes, 61, 343-348.
Morrison, J. S. (1961). Antiphon. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 7, 49-58.
Moulton, C. (1972). “Antiphon the Sophist, on Truth”, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 103, pp. 329-366.
Nill, M. (1985). Morality and Self-interest in Protagoras, Antiphon, and Democritus. Brill.
Ostwald, M. (1965). Pindar, Nomos, and Heracles. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 69, 109-138.
Ostwald, M. (1986). From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law: Law, Society and Politics in Fifth-Century Athens. University of California Press.
Ostwald, M. (2009 [1990]). Nomos and Phusis in Antiphonʼs Περὶ Ἀληθείας. En Language and History in Ancient Greek Culture (pp. 158-172). Pennsylvania State University Press.
Pendrick, G. (1987). Once Again Antiphon the Sophist and Antiphon of Rhamnus. Hermes, 115, 47-60.
Places, É. des (1947). Nature et loi. LʼAntiquité Classique, 16(2), 329-336.
Prieto Sanchís, L. (2005). Apuntes de teoría del derecho. Trotta.
Reinhold, M. (1946). Essentials of Greek and Roman Classics: A Guide to the Humanities. Barronʼs Educational Series.
Riesbeck, D. J. (2011). Nature, Normativity and Nomos in Antiphon, fr. 44. Phoenix, 65, 268-287.
Romilly, J. de (1992). The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens. Oxford Clarendon Press.
Romilly, J. de (2004 [1971]). La ley en la Grecia clásica. Biblos.
Saunders, T. J. (1977-1978). Antiphon the Sophist on Natural Laws (B44 DK). Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 78, 215-236.
Veneciano, G. (2008). Antifonte 44 D.-K.: Una investigación sobre el comportamiento humano. Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, 89(2), 87-115.
Instrumenta studiorum
Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. y Jones, H. S. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford Clarendon Press.
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2026-03-30
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Nómos, phýsis y sus relaciones: una lectura en clave jurídica de Antifonte (fr. 44 de Sobre la verdad). (2026). Anales De Historia Antigua, Medieval Y Moderna, 59(2). https://doi.org/10.34096/ahamm.v59.2.15569
