Muertos griegos, seres sintientes. El uso de las emociones de los muertos como una herramienta jurídica en Atenas clásica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34096/ahamm.v59.2.16179Keywords:
retórica forense - emociones - escatología - institucionalidadAbstract
Anger is a valuable tool for the functioning of ethical, moral, and political relationships. On the other hand, it is seen as a threat to social bonds due to its destructive and vindictive nature. However, in certain contexts, abrupt feelings like anger and its counterpart, the fear of retaliation by the angry party, can be identified as reactive emotions that incentivise judges to rule in one way or another. Events that require justice to compensate the harmed individual evoke emotional responses in victims, judges, and the general public. But what happens when the emotion is experienced by a deceased individual?
We aim to analyse some passages illustrating how orators used popular knowledge about the vengeful anger of the deceased to instil fear in jurors in and, thereby, encourage them to convict. Additionally, we will explore how this rhetorical tool brought about the creation of a fictional audience that, enforcing traditional values, filled the institutional gap inherent in the classical legal system, which lacked a hierarchical entity to regulate the trial’s content or the judges’ votes.
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References
Bibliografía
Ediciones y traducciones consultadas
- Burt, O. J. (1957). Minor Attic Orators. Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides. Harvard University Press.
- Bury, R. G. (1926). Plato. Laws. Books 1-6. Harvard University Press.
- Bury, R. G. (1926). Plato. Laws. Books 7-12. Harvard University Press.
- Colubi Falcó, J. M. (trad.) (1983). Demóstenes. Discursos Privados I. Gredos.
- Emlyn-Jones, C. (2017). Plato. Euthyphro. Apology. Crito. Phaedo. Harvard University Press.
- Freese, J. H. (2020 [1926]). Aristotle. Art of Rhetoric. Harvard University Press.
- Guzmán Hermida, J. M. (1983). Demóstenes. Discursos privados II. Gredos.
- Halliwell, S. et al. (1999 [1995]). Aristotle. Poetics. Longinus. On the Sublime. Demetrius. On Style. Harvard University Press.
- Lamb, W. R. M. (1930). Lysias. Harvard University Press.
- Maidment, K. J. (1941). Minor Attic Orators. Antiphon. Andócides. Harvard University Press.
- Mathieu, G., y E. Brémond (ed. trad.) (2008 [1929]). Isocrate. Discours. Tome I. Société d’éditions Les Belles Lettres.
- Mitchell-Boyask, R. (2013). Aeschylus: Eumenides. A&C Black.
- Murray, A. T. (1919). The Odyssey. (2 Vols.) Harvard University Press.
- Murray, A. T. (1939). Demosthenes. Private Orations.(vol. I.). Harvard University Press.
- Murray, A. T. (1939). Demosthenes. Private Orations. (vol. III.) Harvard University Press.
- Rackham, H. (1934). Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Harvard University Press.
- Rothwell, K. (2018). Aristophanes' Wasps. Oxford University Press.
- Signes Codoñer, J., y Guzmán Hermida, J. (trad.) (2007). Isócrates. Discursos. Gredos.
- Vegas Sansalvador, A. (trad.) (1987). Jenofonte. Ciropedia. Gredos.
Instrumenta studiorum
- Diggle, J. et al. (2021). The Cambridge Greek Lexicon. Cambridge University Press. [CGL].
- Liddell, H. & Scott, R. & Jones, H. S. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. Clarendon Press [LSJ].
Bibliografía secundaria
- Abizadeh, A. (2002). “The Passions of the Wise: Phronesis, Rhetoric, and Aristotle’s Passionate Practical Deliberation”, Review of Methaphysics 56(2), pp. 267-296.
- Allen, D. S. (2000). The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens. Princeton Univ. Press.
- Averill, J. R. (1992). “The Structural Bases of Emotional Behaviour: A Metatheoretical Analysis”, en Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, pp. 1-24.
- Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and Personality, 2 vols., Columbia Univ. Press.
- Bers, V. (1985). “Dikastic Thorubos” en P. A. Cartledge y F. D. Harvey (Eds.) Crux. Essays in Greek History Presented to G. E. M. De Sainte Croix on his 75th Birthday, (pp.1-15). Duckworth.
- Bickford, S. (1996). “Beyond Friendship Aristotle on Conflict, Deliberation and Attention”, Journal of Politics 58(2), pp. 198-421.
- Buis, E. J. (2004). "How to Play Justice and Drama in Antiquity: Law and Theater in Athens as Performative Rituals," Florida Journal of International Law, 16(3). Disponible en: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/fjil/vol16/iss3/12
- Buis, E. J. (2022). “Comic Pathos and the Legal Emotional Community: Destabilizing Judicial Pity and Anger in Aristophanes”, en V. Goldbeck, S. Page y V. Rauchle (Eds.) Pathos und Polis. Einsatz und Wirkung affektiver Elemente in der griechischen Welt, (pp. 189-208). Mohr Siebeck.
- Cairns, D. L. (2003). “Ethics, Ethnology, Terminology: Illiadic Anger and the Cross-cultural Study of emotion”, S. Braund y G. Most (Eds.), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, (pp. 11-49). Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Cairns, D. (2008). “Look both ways: studying emotion in ancient Greek”, Critical Quarterly, 50(4), pp. 43-62.
- Cairns, D.L. y Fulkerson, L. (2015). “Introduction”. En D. L. Cairns y L. Fulkerson (Eds.), Emotions Between Greece and Rome, (pp. 1-22). Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London.
- Cairns, D. L. y Nelis, D.P. (2017). Emotions in the Classical World. Methods, Approaches, and Directions. F. Steiner.
- Campe, R. (2008). “An outline for a critical history of Fürsprache: synegoria and advocacy”. Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 82, pp. 355-381.
- Chaniotis, A. (2006). “Rituals between Norms and Emotions: Rituals as Shared Experience and Memory”, E. Stavrianopoulou (Ed.) Ritual and Communication in the Greaeco-Roman World, (pp.211-238). Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique.
- Chaniotis, A. (Ed.). (2012). Unveiling Emotions: Sources and Methods for the Study of Emotions in the Greek World. F. Steiner.
- Chaniotis, A. y Ducrey, P. (Eds.). (2014). Unveiling Emotions II: Emotions in Greece and Rome: Texts, Images, Material Culture. F. Steiner.
- Cohen, D. (1995). Law, Violence, and Community in Classical Athens, Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Cole, A. T. (1991). The origins of rhetoric in ancient Greece. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
- Couloubaritsis, L. (1996). “La notion de “jugement” dans la Rhétorique d’Aristote”. A. Motte y J. Denooz (Eds.). Aristotélica Secunda. Mélanges offerts è Christian Rutten. (pp. 181-96). Centre Informatique de Philosophie et Lettres.
- Dover, K. (1974). Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle. Basil Blackwell.
- Gagarin, M. (2003). “Telling Stories in Athenian Law”. Transactions of the American Philological Association 133(2), pp. 197–207.
- Goldhill, S. (1999). “Programme notes”, S. Goldhill y R. Osborne (Eds.) Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy, (pp. 1-29). Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Hansen, M. G. (1991). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Blackwell.
- Harris, E. M. (1994). “Law and Oratory” I. Worthington (Ed.) Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, (pp. 130-150), Routledge.
- Harris, E. M. (2000). “Open Texture in Athenian Law”, Dike, 3, pp. 27-79.
- Harrison, A. R. W. (1971). The Law of Athens, vol. 2: Procedure. Oxford University Press.
- Hesk, J. (2007). “Despisers of the Commonplace. Meta-topoi and para-topoi in Attic Oratory”. Rhetorica, 25(4), pp. 361-384.
- Iles Johnston, S. (1999). Restless Dead. Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece. Univ. of California Press.
- Johnstone, S. (1999). Disputes and Democracy: The Consequences of Litigation in Ancient Athens. Univ. of Texas Press.
- Johnstone, S. (2011). A History of Trust in Ancient Greece. University of Chicago Press.
- Kaster, R.A. (2005). Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome, Oxford Univ. Press.
- Konstan, D. (2000). “Pity and the Law in Greek Theory and Practice” Dike 3, pp. 125–145.
- Konstan, D. (2006). The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks. Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature, Univ. of Toronto Press.
Lanni, A. (2006). Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Lanni, A. (2012). “Publicity and the Courts of Classical Athens”. Yale JL & Human., 24, 119-135.
- Lanni, S. (1997). “Spectator Sport or Serious Politics? Οἱ περιεστηκότες and the Athenian Lawcourts”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 117, pp. 183-9.
- Longo, O. (1990). “The Theater of the Polis”, J. J. Winkler y F. I. Zaitlin (Eds.) Nothing to do With Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context, (pp. 12-19). Princeton Univ. Press.
- Martin, B. (2020). Harmful Interaction between the Living and the Dead in Greek Tragedy. Liverpool Univ. Press.
- Nock, A. D. (1944). “The Cult of Heroes II”, Harvard Teleological Review, 37, pp. 575-602.
- Ober, J. (1989). Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens. Princeton Univ. Press.
- Osborne, R. (1985). “Law in Action in Classical Athens”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 105, pp. 40-58.
- Ostwald, M. (1986). From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law: Law, Society, and Politics in Fifth-Century Athens, Berkeley Univ. Press.
- Rubinelli, S. (2006). “The ancient argumentative game: τόποι and loci in action. Argumentation, 20, pp. 253-272.
- Rubinstein, L. (2000). Litigation and Cooperation: Supporting Speakers in the Courts of Classical Athens, F. Steiner.
- Sanders, E. (2014). Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens. A Socio-Psychological Approach. Oxford Univ. Press.
- Sarbin, T. (1986a). “Emotion and Act: Roles and Rhetoric”, Harré, E. (Ed.) The Social Construction of Emotion, Basil Blackwell.
- Sarbin, T. (1986b). Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. Westport.
- Sarbin, T. (1995). “Emotional Life, Rhetoric, and Roles”, Journal of Narrative and Life History, 3(3), pp. 213-220.
- Sealey, R. (1987). The Athenian Republic: Democracy or The Rule of Law? University Park Press.
- Slater, W. J. (1991). “The Theatricality of Justice”, The Classical Bulletin, 71, pp. 143-157.
- Stearns, P. N. (2000). “History of Emotions: Issues of Change and Impact”, M. Lewis y J. Haviland-Jones (eds.) Handbook of Emotions, (pp. 16-29). The Guilford Press.
- Stearns, P. N. y Stearns, C. Z. (1985) “Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards”, The American Historical Review, 90(4), pp. 831-836.
- Todd, S. C. (1993). The Shape of Athenian Law. Clarendon Press.
- Vermeule, E. (1979). Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry, Univ. of California Press.
- Vlassopoulos, K. (2007). “Free Spaces: Identity, Experience and Democracy in Classical Athens.”Classical Quarterly 57, pp. 33–52.
Ediciones y traducciones consultadas
- Burt, O. J. (1957). Minor Attic Orators. Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides. Harvard University Press.
- Bury, R. G. (1926). Plato. Laws. Books 1-6. Harvard University Press.
- Bury, R. G. (1926). Plato. Laws. Books 7-12. Harvard University Press.
- Colubi Falcó, J. M. (trad.) (1983). Demóstenes. Discursos Privados I. Gredos.
- Emlyn-Jones, C. (2017). Plato. Euthyphro. Apology. Crito. Phaedo. Harvard University Press.
- Freese, J. H. (2020 [1926]). Aristotle. Art of Rhetoric. Harvard University Press.
- Guzmán Hermida, J. M. (1983). Demóstenes. Discursos privados II. Gredos.
- Halliwell, S. et al. (1999 [1995]). Aristotle. Poetics. Longinus. On the Sublime. Demetrius. On Style. Harvard University Press.
- Lamb, W. R. M. (1930). Lysias. Harvard University Press.
- Maidment, K. J. (1941). Minor Attic Orators. Antiphon. Andócides. Harvard University Press.
- Mathieu, G., y E. Brémond (ed. trad.) (2008 [1929]). Isocrate. Discours. Tome I. Société d’éditions Les Belles Lettres.
- Mitchell-Boyask, R. (2013). Aeschylus: Eumenides. A&C Black.
- Murray, A. T. (1919). The Odyssey. (2 Vols.) Harvard University Press.
- Murray, A. T. (1939). Demosthenes. Private Orations.(vol. I.). Harvard University Press.
- Murray, A. T. (1939). Demosthenes. Private Orations. (vol. III.) Harvard University Press.
- Rackham, H. (1934). Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Harvard University Press.
- Rothwell, K. (2018). Aristophanes' Wasps. Oxford University Press.
- Signes Codoñer, J., y Guzmán Hermida, J. (trad.) (2007). Isócrates. Discursos. Gredos.
- Vegas Sansalvador, A. (trad.) (1987). Jenofonte. Ciropedia. Gredos.
Instrumenta studiorum
- Diggle, J. et al. (2021). The Cambridge Greek Lexicon. Cambridge University Press. [CGL].
- Liddell, H. & Scott, R. & Jones, H. S. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. Clarendon Press [LSJ].
Bibliografía secundaria
- Abizadeh, A. (2002). “The Passions of the Wise: Phronesis, Rhetoric, and Aristotle’s Passionate Practical Deliberation”, Review of Methaphysics 56(2), pp. 267-296.
- Allen, D. S. (2000). The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens. Princeton Univ. Press.
- Averill, J. R. (1992). “The Structural Bases of Emotional Behaviour: A Metatheoretical Analysis”, en Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, pp. 1-24.
- Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and Personality, 2 vols., Columbia Univ. Press.
- Bers, V. (1985). “Dikastic Thorubos” en P. A. Cartledge y F. D. Harvey (Eds.) Crux. Essays in Greek History Presented to G. E. M. De Sainte Croix on his 75th Birthday, (pp.1-15). Duckworth.
- Bickford, S. (1996). “Beyond Friendship Aristotle on Conflict, Deliberation and Attention”, Journal of Politics 58(2), pp. 198-421.
- Buis, E. J. (2004). "How to Play Justice and Drama in Antiquity: Law and Theater in Athens as Performative Rituals," Florida Journal of International Law, 16(3). Disponible en: https://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/fjil/vol16/iss3/12
- Buis, E. J. (2022). “Comic Pathos and the Legal Emotional Community: Destabilizing Judicial Pity and Anger in Aristophanes”, en V. Goldbeck, S. Page y V. Rauchle (Eds.) Pathos und Polis. Einsatz und Wirkung affektiver Elemente in der griechischen Welt, (pp. 189-208). Mohr Siebeck.
- Cairns, D. L. (2003). “Ethics, Ethnology, Terminology: Illiadic Anger and the Cross-cultural Study of emotion”, S. Braund y G. Most (Eds.), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, (pp. 11-49). Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Cairns, D. (2008). “Look both ways: studying emotion in ancient Greek”, Critical Quarterly, 50(4), pp. 43-62.
- Cairns, D.L. y Fulkerson, L. (2015). “Introduction”. En D. L. Cairns y L. Fulkerson (Eds.), Emotions Between Greece and Rome, (pp. 1-22). Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London.
- Cairns, D. L. y Nelis, D.P. (2017). Emotions in the Classical World. Methods, Approaches, and Directions. F. Steiner.
- Campe, R. (2008). “An outline for a critical history of Fürsprache: synegoria and advocacy”. Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 82, pp. 355-381.
- Chaniotis, A. (2006). “Rituals between Norms and Emotions: Rituals as Shared Experience and Memory”, E. Stavrianopoulou (Ed.) Ritual and Communication in the Greaeco-Roman World, (pp.211-238). Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique.
- Chaniotis, A. (Ed.). (2012). Unveiling Emotions: Sources and Methods for the Study of Emotions in the Greek World. F. Steiner.
- Chaniotis, A. y Ducrey, P. (Eds.). (2014). Unveiling Emotions II: Emotions in Greece and Rome: Texts, Images, Material Culture. F. Steiner.
- Cohen, D. (1995). Law, Violence, and Community in Classical Athens, Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Cole, A. T. (1991). The origins of rhetoric in ancient Greece. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
- Couloubaritsis, L. (1996). “La notion de “jugement” dans la Rhétorique d’Aristote”. A. Motte y J. Denooz (Eds.). Aristotélica Secunda. Mélanges offerts è Christian Rutten. (pp. 181-96). Centre Informatique de Philosophie et Lettres.
- Dover, K. (1974). Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle. Basil Blackwell.
- Gagarin, M. (2003). “Telling Stories in Athenian Law”. Transactions of the American Philological Association 133(2), pp. 197–207.
- Goldhill, S. (1999). “Programme notes”, S. Goldhill y R. Osborne (Eds.) Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy, (pp. 1-29). Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Hansen, M. G. (1991). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. Blackwell.
- Harris, E. M. (1994). “Law and Oratory” I. Worthington (Ed.) Persuasion: Greek Rhetoric in Action, (pp. 130-150), Routledge.
- Harris, E. M. (2000). “Open Texture in Athenian Law”, Dike, 3, pp. 27-79.
- Harrison, A. R. W. (1971). The Law of Athens, vol. 2: Procedure. Oxford University Press.
- Hesk, J. (2007). “Despisers of the Commonplace. Meta-topoi and para-topoi in Attic Oratory”. Rhetorica, 25(4), pp. 361-384.
- Iles Johnston, S. (1999). Restless Dead. Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece. Univ. of California Press.
- Johnstone, S. (1999). Disputes and Democracy: The Consequences of Litigation in Ancient Athens. Univ. of Texas Press.
- Johnstone, S. (2011). A History of Trust in Ancient Greece. University of Chicago Press.
- Kaster, R.A. (2005). Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome, Oxford Univ. Press.
- Konstan, D. (2000). “Pity and the Law in Greek Theory and Practice” Dike 3, pp. 125–145.
- Konstan, D. (2006). The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks. Studies in Aristotle and Classical Literature, Univ. of Toronto Press.
Lanni, A. (2006). Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Lanni, A. (2012). “Publicity and the Courts of Classical Athens”. Yale JL & Human., 24, 119-135.
- Lanni, S. (1997). “Spectator Sport or Serious Politics? Οἱ περιεστηκότες and the Athenian Lawcourts”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 117, pp. 183-9.
- Longo, O. (1990). “The Theater of the Polis”, J. J. Winkler y F. I. Zaitlin (Eds.) Nothing to do With Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context, (pp. 12-19). Princeton Univ. Press.
- Martin, B. (2020). Harmful Interaction between the Living and the Dead in Greek Tragedy. Liverpool Univ. Press.
- Nock, A. D. (1944). “The Cult of Heroes II”, Harvard Teleological Review, 37, pp. 575-602.
- Ober, J. (1989). Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens. Princeton Univ. Press.
- Osborne, R. (1985). “Law in Action in Classical Athens”, Journal of Hellenic Studies 105, pp. 40-58.
- Ostwald, M. (1986). From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law: Law, Society, and Politics in Fifth-Century Athens, Berkeley Univ. Press.
- Rubinelli, S. (2006). “The ancient argumentative game: τόποι and loci in action. Argumentation, 20, pp. 253-272.
- Rubinstein, L. (2000). Litigation and Cooperation: Supporting Speakers in the Courts of Classical Athens, F. Steiner.
- Sanders, E. (2014). Envy and Jealousy in Classical Athens. A Socio-Psychological Approach. Oxford Univ. Press.
- Sarbin, T. (1986a). “Emotion and Act: Roles and Rhetoric”, Harré, E. (Ed.) The Social Construction of Emotion, Basil Blackwell.
- Sarbin, T. (1986b). Narrative Psychology: The Storied Nature of Human Conduct. Westport.
- Sarbin, T. (1995). “Emotional Life, Rhetoric, and Roles”, Journal of Narrative and Life History, 3(3), pp. 213-220.
- Sealey, R. (1987). The Athenian Republic: Democracy or The Rule of Law? University Park Press.
- Slater, W. J. (1991). “The Theatricality of Justice”, The Classical Bulletin, 71, pp. 143-157.
- Stearns, P. N. (2000). “History of Emotions: Issues of Change and Impact”, M. Lewis y J. Haviland-Jones (eds.) Handbook of Emotions, (pp. 16-29). The Guilford Press.
- Stearns, P. N. y Stearns, C. Z. (1985) “Emotionology: Clarifying the History of Emotions and Emotional Standards”, The American Historical Review, 90(4), pp. 831-836.
- Todd, S. C. (1993). The Shape of Athenian Law. Clarendon Press.
- Vermeule, E. (1979). Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry, Univ. of California Press.
- Vlassopoulos, K. (2007). “Free Spaces: Identity, Experience and Democracy in Classical Athens.”Classical Quarterly 57, pp. 33–52.
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Muertos griegos, seres sintientes. El uso de las emociones de los muertos como una herramienta jurídica en Atenas clásica. (2026). Anales De Historia Antigua, Medieval Y Moderna, 59(2). https://doi.org/10.34096/ahamm.v59.2.16179
