Estrategias discursivas en contra del lenguaje inclusivo de género no-binario en X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34096/sys.n48.17521Abstract
This study analyzes the discourse strategies deployed against the use and/or promotion of non-binary gender inclusive language in Uruguay (2018-2024) in a corpus of 8,316 posts collected from X, a digital environment which has proved to be particularly relevant for public disputes and polemics. Drawing on basic Corpus Linguistics Tools (keywords, concordances and collocations), three main discourse strategies are identified, representing inclusive language as an imposition, as unnecessary and as false inclusion. For its part, Critical Discourse Analysis tools (ideological squaring and assumptions) are employed to analyze how these strategies operate ideologically, i.e. the representational systems they sustain and their rhetorical effects. Methodologically, the study discusses the problems, needs and demands of CDA research designs addressing big amounts of data, such as those collected from social media. Findings point to different mechanisms through which inclusive language is construed as polemical by (dis)articulating specific language and social ideologies which serve the exclusionary purpose of reinforcing gender binary identities and condemning non-binary linguistic resources.
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References
Referencias bibliográficas
Achugar, Mariana. 2024. “When Human Rights and Language Ideologies Come into Conflict. The Debate over Inclusive Language in Uruguay”. En Language Attitudes and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editado por Mara R. Barbosa y Talia Bugel. Londres y Nueva York, Routledge.
Agha, Asif. 2006. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alcántara-Plá, M. 2020. “Metodología híbrida para el análisis del discurso digital. El ejemplo de “democracia” en Twitter”. CuadernosAISPI, 16: 25-44. https://doi.org/10.14672/2.2020.1696
Amossy, Ruth. 2021. In Defense of Polemics. Cham: Springer.
Angouri, Jo. 2025. “Quantitative, Qualitative, or Both?”. En Research Methods in Linguistics, editado por Lía Litosseliti, 103-119. Nueva York: Continuum.
Barton, David y Carmen Lee. 2013. Language Online. Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Bentes, Ana; Rodrigo Borba y R. Cruz, en prensa. “Styling gender-neutral Brazilian Portuguese: forms, uses, and ideologies” En The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics, editado por Livia Oushiro y Ana María Carvalho Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bonilla Neira, Laura Cristina. 2022. “Claves para analizar datos en Twitter. Recolección y procesamiento de corpus”. Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, 39, 1: 1-21 https://doi.org/10.19053/0121053X.n39.2022.14283
Borba, Rodrigo. 2022. “Enregistering “gender ideology”: The emergence and circulation of a transnational anti-gender language”. Journal of Language and Sexuality, 11, 1 :57-79 https://benjamins.com/catalog/jls?srsltid=AfmBOoqeVbsKYSN6w1rwUheAXvhCgZiLmF6T2jMa-8PFefpdddLjFs4I
Butler, Judith. 2007. Gender Trouble. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Carpentier, Nico, Kim Christian Schrøder y Lawrie Hollett. 2013 “Audience / Society Transformation” En Audience Transformation. Shifting Audience Positions in Late Modernity, editado por Nico Carpentier, Kim Christian Schrøder y Lawrie Hollett, 1-14. Londres y Nueva York: Roultedge.
Di Cristofaro, Matteo. 2024. Corpus Approaches to Language in Social Media. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Duchastel, Jules y Danielle Laberge. 2019. “Beyond the Quantitative and Qualitative Cleavage: Confluence of Research Operations in Discourse Analysis”. En Quantifying Approaches to Discourse for Social Scientists, editado por Ronny Scholz, 23-27. Londres y Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fairclough, Norman. 2003. Analyzing Discourse. Textual Analysis for Social Research. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Gal, Susan. 2005. “Language Ideologies Compared: Metaphors of Public/Private.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 15, 1: 31-37. DOI:10.1525/jlin.2005.15.1.23.
Gal, Susan y Judith T. Irvine 2019. Signs of Difference. Language and Ideology in Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Jakob, Julia. 2022. “Supporting digital discourse? The deliberative function of links on Twitter”. New Media and Society, 24, 5: 1196-1215. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1461444820972388
Johnstone, Barbara y Jennifer Andrus. 2024. Discourse Analysis (4ta ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley.
Hill, Jane. 2000. “‘Read my article’: Ideological Complexity and the Overdetermination of Promising in American Presidential Politics.” En Regimes of Language, editado por Paul Kroskrity. 259-292. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
Jäger, Sigfried y Florentine Maier. 2016. “Analyzing Discourse and Dispositives: A Foucauldian Approach to Theory and Methodology”. En Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, editado por Ruth Wodak y Michael Meyer, 109-136. Londres: Sage.
Johnson, Sally y Astrid Ensslin. 2007. “Language in the media: theory and practice”. En Language in the media. Representations, identities, ideologies, editado por Sally Astrid y Astrid Ensslin, 3-24. Nueva York: Continuum.
Kalinowski, Santiago. 2021. “Lenguaje inclusivo en usuarios de Twitter en Argentina: un estudio de corpus”. En Siete miradas sobre el lenguaje inclusivo, editado por Andrea Menegotto, 65-82. Buenos Aires: Waldhuter.
Karthikeyan, T. y Sekaran Karthik. 2019. “Personalized Content Extraction and Text Classification Using Effective Web Scraping Techniques”. International Journal of Web Portals, 11, 2: 41-52. https://ericbrasil.com.br/ferramentas_digitais_UNILAB/textos/10.4018.pdf
Kelly-Holmes, Helen y Tommaso M. Milani. 2013. (Eds.). Thematising Multilingualism in the Media. Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
Koopmans, Ruud y Susan Olzak 2004. “Discursive opportunities and the evolution of right-wing violence in Germany.” American Journal of Sociology, 110: 198-230. https://doi.org/10.1086/386271
Lemke, Jay. 2004. “Multimedia Gender and Traversals”. Folia Linguistica, 39,1/2: 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2005.39.1-2.45
Orpin, Debbie. 2005. “Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10, 1: 37-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp
Patternote, David y Roman Kuhar 2017. ““Gender ideology” in Movement Introduction”. En Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe. Mobilizing against Equality, editado por Roman Kuhar y David Patternote, 1-22. Nueva York: Roman and Littlefield.
Real Academia Española. 2019. Glosario de términos gramaticales. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.
Riofrío, César Espin; Angélica Cruz Chóez y Johanna Zumba Gamboa. 2021. “Métodos de extracción de comentarios de la red social Twitter para uso en Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural”. Polo del Conocimiento, 63, 6: 104-123. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8219332
Rost, Alejandro. 2006. “La interactividad en el periódico digital”. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/4189. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, tesis doctoral.
Savloff, Leyla. 2024. ““Putes feministas”. Gender-Expansive Language and Social Media Activism”. En Critical Sexuality Studies, Lavender Languages, and Everyday Life, editado por Michelle Marzullo y William L. Leap, 27-45. Nueva York: Bloomsbury.
Silverstein, Michael. 1993. “Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function” En Reflexive Language. Reported Speech and Metapragmatics, editado por John Lucy, 33-57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Szabla, Małgorzata y Jan Blommaert. 2020. “Does context really collapse in social media interaction.” Applied Linguistics Review, 11: 251-279. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0119
van Dijk, Teun, A. 1996. “Análisis del discurso ideológico.” Versión 6, 10: 15-43.
van Leeuwen, Theo. 2008. Discourse as Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Viera Izeta, Verónica. 2022. “Lenguaje inclusivo en las aulas uruguayas: un abordaje glotopolítico al debate”. Verba Hispanica, 30, 1: 195-212.
Zappavigna, Michele. 2012. Discourse of Twitter and Social Media. How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Nueva York: Continuum.
Zullo, Julia. 2020. “La pluma y la birome: el lenguaje inclusivo desde México hasta Argentina”.Webinar:https://glotopolitica.com/2020/11/07/la-pluma-y-la-birome-el-lenguaje- inclusivo-desde-mexico-hasta-argentina.
Zunino, Gabriela Mariel y Noelia Ayelén Stetie. 2021. “Procesamiento de formas no binarias en español rioplatense: relación entre el uso voluntario y la comprensión”. Hesperia. Anuario de Filología Hispánica. 24, 2: 83-106.
Achugar, Mariana. 2024. “When Human Rights and Language Ideologies Come into Conflict. The Debate over Inclusive Language in Uruguay”. En Language Attitudes and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editado por Mara R. Barbosa y Talia Bugel. Londres y Nueva York, Routledge.
Agha, Asif. 2006. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alcántara-Plá, M. 2020. “Metodología híbrida para el análisis del discurso digital. El ejemplo de “democracia” en Twitter”. CuadernosAISPI, 16: 25-44. https://doi.org/10.14672/2.2020.1696
Amossy, Ruth. 2021. In Defense of Polemics. Cham: Springer.
Angouri, Jo. 2025. “Quantitative, Qualitative, or Both?”. En Research Methods in Linguistics, editado por Lía Litosseliti, 103-119. Nueva York: Continuum.
Barton, David y Carmen Lee. 2013. Language Online. Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Bentes, Ana; Rodrigo Borba y R. Cruz, en prensa. “Styling gender-neutral Brazilian Portuguese: forms, uses, and ideologies” En The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics, editado por Livia Oushiro y Ana María Carvalho Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bonilla Neira, Laura Cristina. 2022. “Claves para analizar datos en Twitter. Recolección y procesamiento de corpus”. Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, 39, 1: 1-21 https://doi.org/10.19053/0121053X.n39.2022.14283
Borba, Rodrigo. 2022. “Enregistering “gender ideology”: The emergence and circulation of a transnational anti-gender language”. Journal of Language and Sexuality, 11, 1 :57-79 https://benjamins.com/catalog/jls?srsltid=AfmBOoqeVbsKYSN6w1rwUheAXvhCgZiLmF6T2jMa-8PFefpdddLjFs4I
Butler, Judith. 2007. Gender Trouble. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Carpentier, Nico, Kim Christian Schrøder y Lawrie Hollett. 2013 “Audience / Society Transformation” En Audience Transformation. Shifting Audience Positions in Late Modernity, editado por Nico Carpentier, Kim Christian Schrøder y Lawrie Hollett, 1-14. Londres y Nueva York: Roultedge.
Di Cristofaro, Matteo. 2024. Corpus Approaches to Language in Social Media. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Duchastel, Jules y Danielle Laberge. 2019. “Beyond the Quantitative and Qualitative Cleavage: Confluence of Research Operations in Discourse Analysis”. En Quantifying Approaches to Discourse for Social Scientists, editado por Ronny Scholz, 23-27. Londres y Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fairclough, Norman. 2003. Analyzing Discourse. Textual Analysis for Social Research. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge.
Gal, Susan. 2005. “Language Ideologies Compared: Metaphors of Public/Private.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 15, 1: 31-37. DOI:10.1525/jlin.2005.15.1.23.
Gal, Susan y Judith T. Irvine 2019. Signs of Difference. Language and Ideology in Social Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, Erving. 1981. Forms of Talk. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Jakob, Julia. 2022. “Supporting digital discourse? The deliberative function of links on Twitter”. New Media and Society, 24, 5: 1196-1215. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/1461444820972388
Johnstone, Barbara y Jennifer Andrus. 2024. Discourse Analysis (4ta ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley.
Hill, Jane. 2000. “‘Read my article’: Ideological Complexity and the Overdetermination of Promising in American Presidential Politics.” En Regimes of Language, editado por Paul Kroskrity. 259-292. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
Jäger, Sigfried y Florentine Maier. 2016. “Analyzing Discourse and Dispositives: A Foucauldian Approach to Theory and Methodology”. En Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, editado por Ruth Wodak y Michael Meyer, 109-136. Londres: Sage.
Johnson, Sally y Astrid Ensslin. 2007. “Language in the media: theory and practice”. En Language in the media. Representations, identities, ideologies, editado por Sally Astrid y Astrid Ensslin, 3-24. Nueva York: Continuum.
Kalinowski, Santiago. 2021. “Lenguaje inclusivo en usuarios de Twitter en Argentina: un estudio de corpus”. En Siete miradas sobre el lenguaje inclusivo, editado por Andrea Menegotto, 65-82. Buenos Aires: Waldhuter.
Karthikeyan, T. y Sekaran Karthik. 2019. “Personalized Content Extraction and Text Classification Using Effective Web Scraping Techniques”. International Journal of Web Portals, 11, 2: 41-52. https://ericbrasil.com.br/ferramentas_digitais_UNILAB/textos/10.4018.pdf
Kelly-Holmes, Helen y Tommaso M. Milani. 2013. (Eds.). Thematising Multilingualism in the Media. Philadelphia: John Benjamin.
Koopmans, Ruud y Susan Olzak 2004. “Discursive opportunities and the evolution of right-wing violence in Germany.” American Journal of Sociology, 110: 198-230. https://doi.org/10.1086/386271
Lemke, Jay. 2004. “Multimedia Gender and Traversals”. Folia Linguistica, 39,1/2: 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2005.39.1-2.45
Orpin, Debbie. 2005. “Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10, 1: 37-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.10.1.03orp
Patternote, David y Roman Kuhar 2017. ““Gender ideology” in Movement Introduction”. En Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe. Mobilizing against Equality, editado por Roman Kuhar y David Patternote, 1-22. Nueva York: Roman and Littlefield.
Real Academia Española. 2019. Glosario de términos gramaticales. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.
Riofrío, César Espin; Angélica Cruz Chóez y Johanna Zumba Gamboa. 2021. “Métodos de extracción de comentarios de la red social Twitter para uso en Procesamiento de Lenguaje Natural”. Polo del Conocimiento, 63, 6: 104-123. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8219332
Rost, Alejandro. 2006. “La interactividad en el periódico digital”. https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/4189. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, tesis doctoral.
Savloff, Leyla. 2024. ““Putes feministas”. Gender-Expansive Language and Social Media Activism”. En Critical Sexuality Studies, Lavender Languages, and Everyday Life, editado por Michelle Marzullo y William L. Leap, 27-45. Nueva York: Bloomsbury.
Silverstein, Michael. 1993. “Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function” En Reflexive Language. Reported Speech and Metapragmatics, editado por John Lucy, 33-57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Szabla, Małgorzata y Jan Blommaert. 2020. “Does context really collapse in social media interaction.” Applied Linguistics Review, 11: 251-279. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0119
van Dijk, Teun, A. 1996. “Análisis del discurso ideológico.” Versión 6, 10: 15-43.
van Leeuwen, Theo. 2008. Discourse as Practice. New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Viera Izeta, Verónica. 2022. “Lenguaje inclusivo en las aulas uruguayas: un abordaje glotopolítico al debate”. Verba Hispanica, 30, 1: 195-212.
Zappavigna, Michele. 2012. Discourse of Twitter and Social Media. How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Nueva York: Continuum.
Zullo, Julia. 2020. “La pluma y la birome: el lenguaje inclusivo desde México hasta Argentina”.Webinar:https://glotopolitica.com/2020/11/07/la-pluma-y-la-birome-el-lenguaje- inclusivo-desde-mexico-hasta-argentina.
Zunino, Gabriela Mariel y Noelia Ayelén Stetie. 2021. “Procesamiento de formas no binarias en español rioplatense: relación entre el uso voluntario y la comprensión”. Hesperia. Anuario de Filología Hispánica. 24, 2: 83-106.
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Estrategias discursivas en contra del lenguaje inclusivo de género no-binario en X. (2025). Signo & Seña, 48. https://doi.org/10.34096/sys.n48.17521
